Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Volume 63, Issue 2 , Pages 213-218 , August 2010

Factors influencing pain intensity during topical photodynamic therapy of complete cosmetic units for actinic keratoses

,Accepted 28 August 2009.

References 

  1. Noodt BB, Berg K, Stokke T, Peng Q, Nesland JM. Apoptosis and necrosis induced with light and 5-aminolevulinic acid-derived protoporphyrin IX. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:22–29
  2. Morton CA, McKenna KE, Rhodes LE. Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: update. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1245–1266
  3. Grapengiesser S, Ericson M, Gudmundsson F, Larko O, Rosen A, Wennberg AM. Pain caused by photodynamic therapy of skin cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:493–497
  4. Sandberg C, Stenquist B, Rosdahl I, Ros AM, Synnerstad I, Karlsson M, et al. Important factors for pain during photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2006;86:404–408
  5. Wiegell SR, Skiveren J, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Pain during photodynamic therapy is associated with protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and fluence rate. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:727–733
  6. Kasche A, Luderschmidt S, Ring J, Hein R. Photodynamic therapy induces less pain in patients treated with methyl aminolevulinate compared to aminolevulinic acid. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5:353–356
  7. Wiegell SR, Stender IM, Na R, Wulf HC. Pain associated with photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid or 5-aminolevulinic acid methylester on tape-stripped normal skin. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1173–1177
  8. Holmes MV, Dawe RS, Ferguson J, Ibbotson SH. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of tetracaine gel (Ametop) for pain relief during topical photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:337–340
  9. Langan SM, Collins P. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study of the efficacy of topical anesthesia with a eutetic mixture of lignocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5% for topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy for extensive scalp actinic keratoses. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:146–149
  10. Halldin CB, Paoli J, Sandberg C, Gonzalez H, Wennberg AM. Nerve blocks enable adequate pain relief during topical photodynamic therapy of field cancerization on the forehead and scalp. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:795–800
  11. Paoli J, Halldin C, Ericson MB, Wennberg AM. Nerve blocks provide effective pain relief during topical photodynamic therapy for extensive facial actinic keratoses. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33:559–564
  12. Besne I, Descombes C, Breton L. Effect of age and anatomical site on density of sensory innervation in human epidermis. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1445–1450
  13. Lauria G, Holland N, Hauer P, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, McArthur JC. Epidermal innervation: changes with aging, topographic location, and in sensory neuropathy. J Neurol Sci. 1999;164:172–178
  14. Rud E, Gederaas O, Hogset A, Berg K. 5-Aminolevulinic acid, but not 5-aminolevulinic acid esters, is transported into adenocarcinoma cells by system BETA transporters. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;71:640–647
  15. Kuijpers DI, Thissen MR, Thissen CA, Neumann MH. Similar effectiveness of methyl aminolevulinate and 5-aminolevulinate in topical photodynamic therapy for nodular basal cell carcinoma. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5:642–645
  16. Wiegell SR, Wulf HC. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5-aminolevulinic acid versus methyl aminolevulinate. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:647–651
  17. Borelli C, Herzinger T, Merk K, Berking C, Kunte C, Plewig G, et al. Effect of subcutaneous infiltration anesthesia on pain in photodynamic therapy: a controlled open pilot trial. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:314–318

 Funding sources: None.

 Conflicts of interest: None declared.

PII: S0190-9622(09)01252-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.062

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Volume 63, Issue 2 , Pages 213-218 , August 2010

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