Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Volume 54, Issue 5 , Pages 921-922 , May 2006

Implications of botulinum toxin injection of the brow∗

  • Jeffrey N. Lackey, BS

      Affiliations

    • Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
    • ,
  • Scott A. Norton, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Dermatology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Scott A. Norton, MD, MPH, Dermatology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Ave, Washington, DC 20307

References 

  1. Darwin C. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London (England): John Murray; 1872;pp. 223-38
  2. Ekman P. About brows: emotional and conversational signals. In:  Cranach M,  Foppa K,  Lepenies W,  Ploog D editor. Human ethology, claims and limits of a new discipline. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1978;p. 169–202
  3. Grammer K, Schiefenhovel W, Schleidt M, Lorenz B, Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. Patterns on the face: the eyebrow flash in crosscultural comparison. Ethology. 1988;77:279–299
  4. Heckmann M, Schon-Hupka G. Quantification of the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A by digital image analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:508–514
  5. Heckmann M, Teichmann B, Schroder U, Sprengelmeyer R, Ceballos-Baumann O. Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and decreases baseline expression of anger, sadness, and fear. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:213–216

 ∗The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of the Army.

PII: S0190-9622(05)04608-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1065

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Volume 54, Issue 5 , Pages 921-922 , May 2006

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